What is the method called that digitally represents analog signals by sampling and quantizing the amplitude?

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The method is Pulse Code Modulation. It converts an analog signal into digital form by first sampling its amplitude at regular time intervals and then quantizing those sample values to the nearest level in a finite set, with those quantized values encoded as binary bits. The sampling rate should be high enough to capture the signal without aliasing (typically at least twice the highest frequency present). The number of quantization levels determines how accurately the amplitude is represented and how much quantization noise is introduced. Pulse Code Modulation is widely used in digital telephone systems and digital audio because it provides a straightforward, reliable way to represent analog signals digitally. The other terms refer to different concepts: one is a quality ratio (SNR), another is a specific optical channel speed (OC-1), and the last is a multiplexing technique (frequency division), none of which describe the digitization process.